| Abstract |
The possibility of existence of multiple steady states in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units has a major impact in the supervision of these systems. The origins of these behaviours are usually due to the exothermicity of the catalyst regeneration reactions and to the strong interactions between the reactor and the regenerator system. Prior work has focused on modelling and control problems of different operating FCC units. However, none of these studies have considered a high-efficiency regenerator. This paper presents an analysis of the existence of output and input multiple steady states in an UOP FCC unit with a high-efficiency regenerator. The influence of unit disturbances and model uncertainties, such as coke composition and cracking enthalpy, in the output multiplicity, was studied and the results show that the high-efficiency regenerator exhibits at least three multiple output steady states and a maximum of five Output steady states, in the operating range considered. Moreover, the state multiplicity analysis revealed that input multiplicity can be present in this FCC unit, depending on the choice of the control structure, and that operating the unit in full combustion mode can prevent instabilities due to input and output multiplicities. Therefore, these results can be used to guide the design of the most appropriate control structures in industrial applications. For the FCC unit with high-efficiency regenerator the most appropriate control structure corresponds to the control of the riser reactor temperature and the oxygen level in the flue gas, with the catalyst circulation rate and the combustion air flow rate, respectively. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
