| Abstract |
Phytoceramide is the backbone of major sphingolipids in fungi and plants and is essential in several tissues of animal organisms, such as human skin. Its sphingoid base, phytosphingosine, differs from that usually found in mammals by the addition of a hydroxyl group to the 4-ene, which may be a crucial factor for the different properties of membrane microdomains among those organisms and tissues. Recently, sphingolipid hydroxylation in animal cells emerged as a key feature in several physiopathological processes. Hence, the study of the biophysical properties of phytosphingolipids is also relevant in that context since it helps us to understand the effects of sphingolipid hydroxylation. In this work, binary mixtures of N-stearoyl-phytoceramide (PhyCer) with palrnitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) were studied. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence of membrane probes, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy were employed. As for other saturated ceramides, highly rigid gel domains start to form with just similar to 5 mol \% PhyCer at 24 degrees C. However, PhyCer gel-enriched domains in coexistence with POPC-enriched fluid present additional complexity since their properties (maximal order, shape, and thickness) change at specific POPC/PhyCer molar ratios, suggesting the formation of highly stable stoichiometric complexes with their own properties, distinct from both POPC and PhyCer. A POPC/PhyCer binary phase diagram, supported by the different experimental approaches employed, is proposed with complexes of 31 and 1:2 stoichiometries which are stable at least from similar to 15 to similar to 55 degrees C. Thus, it provides mechanisms for the in vivo formation of sphingolipid-enriched gel domains that may account for stable membrane compartments and diffusion barriers in eukaryotic cell membranes. |
